TERMINAL

 Terminal is the place for interchange different mode of transportation and also can maintenance   depot.

=airport terminal= a building at an airport


=bus terminal=a bus station



=container terminal=a facility which handles shippiung containers and cargo


=ferry terminal=a facility for bring passengers and vehicles


=shipping terminal=sea port


=railroad terminal=have a railway that bring passengers and cargo

INCOTERM

IMPORTANT OF INCOTERM IN INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTION

Incoterm are agreement between seller and buyer. Its about a delivery of goods in international transaction from the seller to the buyer.This incoterm can makes transaction are more easily to both party. Their must agree as what it is in that agreement. This incoterm also can change ownership from the seller to the buyer base on the agreement and their must agree about it. Its like base on agreement, the both party will choose what the term their will use. Their will take a risk, cost of transportation,and insurance base on their agreement in incoterm. It can easy to identify where the location should seller or buyers takes a risk and responsibilities of transportation. Without incoterm, gross profit on international transaction cannot be determined.

TERMS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TERMS ( INCOTERM 2010 )

Ex Works ( EXW)

Seller just have responsibilities to the goods until the goods are packaging at factory of seller's place. After that buyers must responsibilities for cost of transportation, risk, and insurance.

Free Carrier (FCA)

Seller just have responsibilities to the goods until the goods are put in the lorry at the seller's place.

After that buyers must responsibilities for costs of transportation, risk, and insurance.

Free Alongside Ship (FAS)

Seller just have responsibilities to the goods until the goods are loading at port of shipment at the seller's place.After that buyers must responsibilities for costs of transportation, risk, and insurance.

Free On Board (FOB)

Seller just have responsibilities to the goods until the goods are put in a ship at port of seller's place.After that buyers must responsibilities for costs of transportation, risk, and insurance.

Cost and Freight (CFR)

Seller just have responsibilities a costs of goods until a goods in a ship at port of customer's place. After that buyers must responsibilities it.For a risk and insurance, a seller must responsibilities until a goods in a ship at port of seller's place. Then the buyers will responsibilities it.

Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF)

Seller just have responsibilities a costs of goods until a goods in a ship at port of customer's place. After that buyers must responsibilities it.For a risk and insurance, a seller must responsibilities until a goods in a ship at port of seller's place. Then the buyers will responsibilities it.

Carriage Paid To (CPT)

Seller just have responsibilities a costs of goods until a goods arrive at terminal charges of buyer's place. After that buyers must responsibilities it. For a risk and insurance, a seller must responsibilities until a goods are put in the lorry at seller's place. Then the buyers will responsibilities it.

Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP)

Seller just have responsibilities a costs and insurance of goods until a goods arrive at terminal charges of buyer's place. After that buyers must responsibilities it. For a risk of goods, a seller must responsibilities until a goods are put in the lorry at seller's place. Then the buyers will responsibilities it.

Delivery Duty Paid (DDP)

Seller have responsibilities a costs,risk,and insurance of goods until a goods are put in the lorry at seller's place.Then the buyers will responsibilities it.

Delivery At Place (DAP)

Same with DDP. Seller have responsibilities a costs,risk,and insurance of goods until a goods are put in the lorry at seller's place.Then the buyers will responsibilities it.

Delivery At Terminal (DAT)

Seller have responsibilities a costs,risk,and insurance of goods until a goods are arrive at terminal charges of buyer's place.Then the buyers will responsibilities it.

..Market Structure..

Type of Market Structure:

1. Oligopoly

• Only few large seller in market (their quantity can calculated)
• Difficult exist and entry market but not difficult as perfect monopolitic competition
• pricing influenced by other oligopoly firm
• It has subtitute product 
• In long run super normal
• Price are determine by two ways

                            - competitor pricing

                            - cartel (associated) < --  IATA ( body that determines the price )

• For example :

                           - Air Asia, Firefly, Air Lines

                           - Celcom , Digi, Mobile

                           - Tesco, Giant, Crefore

                           - Petronas, Petron etc

   2. Monopolitic Competition

• Many buyer in market
• Many seller in market but not many as perfect competition
• Product not homogeneous but differentiated physically ( creativity, design, types of material used ) or psychology ( advertising, publisity, ranking )
• Free entry and exist a market but not easy as perfect competition
• Existance of known price competition. 
• One firm can lower the price without effecting other
• For example: 

                          - Detergen

                          - Flour

                          - Cooking oil

    3. Perfect Monopolitic Competition

• Single seller and large buyer
• For example:

                         - KTMB

                         - ASTRO

                         - TNB

• Put in any price,but the customer will still be paying
• Corncern a sports
• Product not subtitute (water, and electricity)
• the constraints into the market 

                           - High capital cost

                           - regulation varience

                           - control over raw materials

                           - in the long run , firm will obtain supernormal profit because their price maker

    4. Pure Competition / Perfect Competition

• Large number of sellers and buyers ( too many customrs )
• Price determine by market ( market determined prices )   
• Product are homogeneous
• The buyer cannot identified which suppliers the product come from
• Free regulation varience and low capital ( free entry and exist a market )
• Many competitor
• For example:

                       - Supermarket's

                       - Restaurant's

DIFFERENTIATED LINER & TRAMP IN SEA TRANSPORT

DIFFERENTIATED LINERS & TRAMPS

LINERS

  

Liner is a big company like Mearsk Sealiner their same like a buss liner. Their have a fixed schedule,the shippers that wants to use their services for delivers the goods must follow the rules and a schedule that a liner's provides. It is because the liner wants to more efficent and effectives in their services. If their not follow the schedule that will be accidents between other vessels. Other than that, its possible to will get extra charge like a demurrage and switching charge. Liner also publish their schedule and services ipublic suggest in magazine and website because it easy to update and now people most like to use the internet to find information in website. Moreover, when a shipper want use a liner services, they will offer the space available to a shipper. The ship will move on time, although the space not fully utilize. Types of Company Liners like as Evergreen, APL, NYK, K.Liners, and Hanjin.

ADVANTAGES 

1. They have fixed schedule that shipper have to follow
2. Charges based on space that shipper use
3. The carrier must to responsible the goods
4. All shipper can use it 
5. On time to delivery the product, that is efficient and effective services
6. Publish their services and schedule in public

DISADVANTAGE

1. Space may not available, it is because have a multiple shippers that use liners every time and every day.
2. High risk, because mixing with others shippers cargo can damage
3. Complicated procedure when their is diversion
4. Fixed route, just one way and cannot follow other way and cannot to stop other port.
5. High transit time, have near road  but in schedule must follow long way distance because want to avoid from collides and have high risk
6. Move on time, although the space not fully utilize

TRAMPS

Tramps same like a taxi. They cannot have fixed schedule, but the carrier must follow the shipper schedule. The carrier also must follow the way and port that shipper inform in schedule. Only one shipper that can use the services and the shipper must pay for the rent. The carrier will provide a special equipment to handle shipper product if shipper required  for the services. The price are also not fixed  because the shipper will pay based on the services that they use. Tramps carry the product such as coal, grain, and sugar. Tramps can give services anytime that shipper want to used. Tramps usually used for sesonal demand and can carry in bulky cargo. 

ADVANTAGES

1. Can go any port any time follow the demand from customer
2. Provide the services anytime if shipper want use it
3. They should deliver the product in fast
4. Can handle urgent product to deliver or emergency product

DISADVANTAGES

1. Only one shipper can use it
2. Route are not display in public
3. Not on time because they want to utilize the space 

IATA & ICAO

                                       

What is IATA? IATA is International Air Traffic Association.Some of the company Airlines can follow or not the regulation that IATA make. IATA have standardized the price for cost of aviation for example Malaysia Airline and Fire Fly there is follow the regulation of IATA make. There charged same services for their customer. But for Air Asia they did not follow IATA because they focus more on the lower cost for their services. For them, the cost is most important for their customer. Customer no need for comfortable services but the cost is the main important. If Air Asia provide lower cost of services they will get a lot of competition. Air Asia have competitive advantage because they provide lower cost service and customer will attrack with their charges service and Air Asia will get more profit than another company.

                                     

ICAO is International Civil Aviation Organization. All of company Airlines must follow the regulation of ICAO make it is because their developed the regulation of Airlines. For example like  regulation in country, if the any people not follow the regulation that will be make act from government or police. It is same with the regulation in industries Airline, if their not follow the regulation that will be act, this cause as to make sure the all of Airlines care safety of passenger. For company that not follow the ICAO regulation they must own protect if has any eccident.

Competition of air carrier and water carrier

          

Port is depend the economic in a country like Malaysia, China, Singapore and others. Normally the ports in a country is a major contributor to economic growth in a business. As in Malaysia, Malaysian ports function as entry and exit of merchandise goods for import and export in the production of an article to the others country and the places for loading and unloading process. Most of normally the freights can deliver and move use of mode of shipping transportation. Ship is also suitable for use in long distance for delivery of goods and can carry in bulky size. Event the sea transport is very lower in movement and takes a long time to arrive but it is a very important in move the goods with that much capacity where other transportation is not able to carry more cargo from ships.

In the commercial world there are also several types of ships competition diversity of modes such as is Air transportation. Air transportation is highest movement speeds to deliver the product compare with sea transport movement is low but, air transportation normally use by multiple shipper for transfer the high value of product. That are many transportation services provided to facilitate the delivery of good quickly and easily, the air transport also easy to handle and manage. The types of air transport carry such as perishable product, documentation, high value of product, goods quickly exhausted date like as magazine, newspaper and others..

                     

In addition, there are a lot of growth in the port and shipping activities is recognized as an important contributor in facilities trade in Malaysia. In Malaysia is also at the same time, provide the many modes of transportation and compare between shipping and air transport system. Knowing the challenges, have many port in a domestic has improve their effort to become one of the most important ports in world in International levels.With the have many growth of the port in the world it will caused of competition between the country. 

                                       

                                            

Types of shipping Company:

1. K.Line
2. OOCL
3. Mearsk Sealand
4. P&O Nedlloud
5. Yang Ming
6. APL
7. ZIM
8. Tripple E
9. Wan Hai
10. Hanjin
11. Evergreen
12. COSCO
13. MISC

Freight Transportation Structure

Freight transportation structure have five. That's are highway, pipeline, air, rail and sea. Each of that must have a terminal that they will stop and continuous their delivery . At a terminal, they will do loading and unloading process by using a materials handling. At the terminal also they will change mode of transportation.

For road transportation, it based on road transportation. The terminal is like at a rest and recovery (R&R) and bus station. Cost of transportation is cheaper than air. The mode of transportation like a bus, lorry, taxi and motorcycles. A product also can delivery in bulky size. But, it will be a long term delivery when a supplier deliver in far location. It also provide door-to-door service.

For air, it based on air transportation. The terminal is  like at a airport. Cost of transportation is more high than other mode of transportation. The example of this mode is airplane. The product cannot bring in bulky size because it has a limited capacity. But, it will be a short term delivery when a supplier when deliver their products at a far location. It suitable for high value products. It has no door-to-door service because only stop at their terminal only. They will stop at certain terminal for send and pickup passengers or products. If wants door-to-door service, they must contact with other modes like a road transportation. Usually, road transportation provide door-to-door service. 

Next is pipeline.It based on pipeline transportation. The terminals are like a tank, bathroom and toilet. The liquid or gas are flow at every terminal but just one types of liquid or gas can flow at own pipeline. That only have one ways. Cost of transportation for pipeline is lower than road transportation. It can bring a product in bulky size. That also have high security.

While, for the rail, it based on rail transportation like a train. Many types of rail car are have it like hopper car, boxcar, flatcar, tank car and so on. Their terminal is at rail terminal. The cost of transportation is lower than road transportation. It can bring in bulky size. At the same time, it can carry passengers. That will stop at certain terminal for pickup and sent a passengers or goods. It have own terminal and flow each train. It suitable for low value of products such as grain, sand, clothes and so on. Rail has no door-to-door service because they only stop at one terminal to another terminal. That also not flexible geographic.

For the last is sea transportation like a ship. They have many types of ships such as tugboat, dredger, roll-on roll-off, barges and so on. They have own terminal also at seaport. Cost of transportation is also low cost because carry in bulky size. But they have high transit time. Because sea transportation is a slow movement. Sea transportation suitable for long distance. At the same time, they can carry passenger like a Ferry. It also not provide door-to-door service because it also stop at each of terminal. Their documentation also more complex. Their material handling also more complex for loading and unloading products.

Practices Are Considered Essential For A Comprehensive JIT Implementation

Firstly is quick setup time. It must have a shorter setup time. Its because every work become effective and efficiently. It can be done with better planning, process redesign and product redesign. We also must ensure no problem has happen for achieve short setup time.

Secondly is small lot sizes. Its produce in smaller lots and based on customer order. Like Just-In-Time (JIT), when customer order, a company will produce it. No warehouse are involved. It also can cut cost because a price of warehouse so high even its just for rent.

Thirdly is shorter lead times. That is delivery on time and no delay involved. Its reduced lead times by moving workstations closer together, applying group technology and cellular manufacturing concepts, reducing queue length and the last is improving the coordination and cooperation between downstream processes. A firm must arrange a scheduling and routing for a transportation. It also can reduce cost and make customer satisfaction with our services.

Fourthly is uniform production. It create a uniform load or each workstation through constant daily production and producing the same mix of products each day, using a repeating sequence. It use of a stable production schedule also permits the use of back flushing to manage inventory. Like a Toyota, it produce same product everyday until done a production.

Fifthly is preventive maintenance. It also machine and worker idle time to maintain equipment and prevent breakdowns. Its like a machine and maintenance are work together. So, a cost will reduce and damage of machine also can be reduced.

Sixth is multifaceted workforce, A workers will go for training and they must have a good technique and knowledge for use a machine. They also can do a proper task. A firm also must alert with a new technology for a firm's process can be more efficient and effectively. Employees more responsibility for their own work.

Seventeenth is supplier development. The company must have a good relationship with  supplier. It because it will be help when we need a raw materials or components parts in urgent. We also can get low price of raw materials or components parts when we already have a good relationship with them. We also can share any idea about a business.

Lastly is kanban production control. Its to convey parts between workstations in small quantities. But JIT is not same with kanban system. Kanban system not required to implement JIT. JIT just required to implement a kanban system and the concept are frequently equated with one another.

Types of Container

As you see at the highway, many types of container we see. You need to know that different container, different goods contents inside the container. Types of container are:

1) Dry Container

This container is the most commonly used by shipping container. This container is for dry materials.

2) Flat Rack Container

There was no sides. Also no have top sides. The side can be folded, So that can bring variety types of products.








3) Open Top Container
With the open top can be change, it can be completely removed to height materials easily can be enter.

4) Tunnel Container

This container provides both doors. It is very easy and fast in make loading and unloading process.





5) Open Side Container
Provide much wider room for loading of materials.

6) Double Door Container

Making a wider room for loading and unloading of materials. It can bring steel, iron, etc. It also standardize size of container.


7) Refrigerated Container
This is for controlled temperature. It always need to have a carefully controlled. These is used for shipment of perishable goods. Such as fruits and vegetables over long distance.

8) Tanks Container
Mostly used for liquid materials.  They are used by a huge proportion of entire shipping industry. They are mostly made of by strong steel or other corrosive materials providing with long life and protection to the materials.






9) Half Height Container
Made mostly by steel, these container are half the height of standardize container. Usually his container carry coal and stones.










10) Car Carriers Container

Container storage units made especially for shipment of cars long distance. It help car fit inside the container without the risk of being from damage or moving from the spot.

Benefits Of Using Containerization

Container is an object that to put the shipper's goods to deliver their goods to customers. Many shipper like to used container because they have their own benefits of using container. The benefits of using will explain as below:

1) Save cost

• By using container, can save cost because can utilize space in the container. Means of utilize is can put as many as you want in the container. But, not until make the goods in the container become damage. So, no need to order other transportation to deliver the goods. By using the container, we can make a single delivery. When , single delivery was made, cost of transportation also can save because we not use many transportation. 

2) Safety and Security

• All container have their own serial number. To know what have in the container, just make scanning at the container, we will know what are the contents and the goods in the container. At the container also have a seal. So, the possible to lost is low. To open the seal, have their own equipment to open it. So, not all people have that equipment. From that, the security is safe. It difficult to lost and damage. All the goods in the container also can safe because container made from a solid material.

3) Space Adjustment

• It means that container can make an adjustment as what we like. Other than that, we also can arrange it by ourselves how to make sure our products in a good condition. So that our goods can deliver as well as what customer wants. Of course we want deliver the goods as what customer expect to our goods. We need to make customer satisfied with our services provided so that we can improve our profits and sales. 

4) Save Loading Time

• Here, everything was packed in one container. When loading process happen, they no need to take one by one of the goods. By using quay crane, it can lift at the same time. No need to lift one by one. From that, no need to use many labor to lift the product. Just using quay crane, it can make it a simple works and can save loading time.

5) Have Variety Types of Container

• There are many types of container. So, we can choose any container that we would like to used. For example we want to deliver a perishable goods. We need to use refrigerated container because it has controlled temperature. So, the goods will not damage. We as a shipper need to handle and conduct our product very well. We need to give the best to the customer. 

Challenges in Maritime Shipping

There are many challenges when we ventured into a field. Here it is of course a challenge in world trade through shipping.

The challenges are:  Have some company use industries practices such as "just-in-Time" that process the deliver for the demand from the customer between the point of origin to point of consumption and on time to delivery. In some company practices "Just-In-Time" because they want to achieve some goal and achieve the customer satisfaction. Then, have many modes of transportation and services providers to provide a good services. Using of technology advanced and upgrade engineering capabilities for example use high system network to control the shipping and track the item of the good and for the other example is use the new latest technology and always to upgrade the system to be effective when loading and unloading the goods but it also able to follow the stream of more advanced technology such as the special of material handling services, and high security safety for shipping when in transit it is because to avoid the problem , damages or loss. Other than that the issues or challenges in maritime shipping is oil prices affects the activities of shipping. When the prices of oil is increase, the cost of delivery also increase. It is because the every time always use the oil for move the shipping and uses the oil to move the ship is very high. Then, the other that, uses a lot of employee in operation of ship and cargo. For example, the company of ships must invest the adequate of employee. Overcapacity, the use of excess capacity will cause the ship carrying the goods restrained from entering the country. The overcapacity can over come which buy the local vessels. In domestics regulation was, have many regulation governing business and of the act services they need to follow the law in another country. Expanding the ships repairing business. Upgrade the technology and skills to repair the ship, it is can strengthen financial and infrastructure in a country.

The Important Of Shipping Industry In Malaysia

Sea route is a global trade route and much give importance to the economic over the country. An estimated 90% of world trade is carried by sea transport than other modes of transport. Role that influence maritime shipping, such as shipping, port operations, shipbuilding and ship repairing.

There have some important of shipping industry in Malaysia. Such as 95% Malaysia use transports to trade and deliver the products or goods. The transportation is the main role of one business. Because all shipper would like to use water carrier because there was many advantages and benefits. By using shipping carrier, it can out lost because water carrier very cheap compered to other mode of transport. Even it is slow movement, it can carry hundred thousand container. Because of that, the shipper can get the lower price. Second important of maritime and trade competitiveness of a nation. There are a lot of competitive in the shipping industry. Such as K-line, China Shipping, Evergreen, Maersk and so on. These trade are very biggest and world wide industry. That's why shipping is the most important and many challenges for it. As a shipper need to choose the best mode of transportation because can effect the high cost. the best of transportation we need to be the lowest cost. If the cost of transportation is high, the price of the product also increase.

The important of growth service maritime is to have the other countries that has been expend their business to deliver their goods in bulky size because there have many demand on the goods from that country. The majority of delivery the goods is to using the service of maritime transportation. Now a day also the growth of new companies from outside country that want to export their goods to other country, they need to increase the economy in and out of the country. The globalization process happen because of the importance growth service maritime because it is need in trade world. Other than that, using water carrier can connect with many activities, services and industry. The activities involves are loading and unloading. The service that shipping give is space for us to put our product and deliver the products from one point to other point. There are a lot of facilities at port when our product arrive at the destination. For example is forklift. Many facilities that the port to serve when the products arrive at there. That's why shipping industry connect with many activities.

Road And Highways (Road Transportation)

This issues related with the service of transportation have on the road. The certain issues in town and environment, such as air pollution and noise that related with motorization that associated growth, will discuss in depth at the other places. It covers how to assess road transportation performance and define the strategies for regulations change to promote the efficiency and to meet environmental. Especially for truck and bus services.

KEY ISSUES

The following list will focuses on the main issues that you need to know about road transportation to make sure that the performance is well and the government regulatory policy is suitable and effective. The lists will covers the ways to make sure and evaluate the related regulations and methods to define the strategy to handle the important issues that effecting the development of transportation and the public transport services.

 a) Assess Regulatory Policy

• Many indicators of national road transport performance can be defined the cost, efficiency and the level of services of road transportation. But, with the enough data, there are rarely used in the analysis. The effectiveness of regulatory policy can be evaluate in terms of how far it can encourage the competition and efficiency to used the roads while meeting safety and environmental concerns. During evaluate the policy, account should be taken the following considerations :

          :: Many regulatory of road transportation will have and historical.

          :: Studies of the characteristics of economic road transportation that shows a few of intervention by                 government to make sure the efficient distribution of resources.

          :: The due of regulatory should take in cost and benefits.

          :: The transport regulations is more efficient when focus on output from input.

• In many cases, the regulations fail to maintain the minimum safety standard and they change it not due embargo on the transport service. The market may be arise from the intervention of the other government, such as state ownership of transport enterprise. For more details about how to see the regulations problems, see Assessing Regulations Of Road Transport.

b) Establishing A Strategy For Improving Regulations

• An effecting strategy by improving regulations could involve :
• Review road transportation policy
• Review the legal framework 
• The strengthen of  institutional measures in regulatory agencies
• An accurately needs is depends on the situations. The scope of changes can be considerable for countries without any history of a market economy. The regulations system are not change at many years. The constraints usually being the administrative capacity of government for these standard s in practice.

c) Developing The Role Played By Trucking

• Raising professional standards in trucking is important if read transportation is to play full role and offer high quality service.
• For road transportation, it play full role in international transport.
• An attention must give to minimize delay due to customs and other procedures.

d) Ensuring Competitive Bus Transport

• It is not usual for establish operators for the certain services. Without intervention government, is not assured on every route. 
• In the case of bus service, the certain issues that happen are in planning and regulating services.  And it will discuss in Urban Transport Web Site.
• For non-urban service, there rarely appears to be a case for main intervention by government in planning and controlling services.
• Monitoring for bus services competition can be often carried out without more collected additional information.

Tiong Nam Is Frost And Sullivan's 2013 In Domestic Road Transportation Service Provider Of The Year

Tiong Nam Logistics Holdings was awarded Frost And Sullivan's 2013. This company have one of their highest revenues in the road transportation service segments that shows the dominance in the industry. The Malaysia Excellence Awards is to recognize companies and individuals that who have pushed the boundaries of excellence. The Domestic Road Transportation Service Provider of the Year award receipt was selected based on measurement areas such as revenue growth and future expansion strategy. Tiong Nam also offer one of the widest arrays of service in the road transportation operations. Being one of the largest trucking company in Malaysia, Tiong Nam has a strong with a fleet size of more than 1300, starts from vans, trucks and prime movers. Tiong Nam can ensure that their fleet is well maintained for their efficient transportation.

Tiong Nam was invest greater of IT Infrastructure as part of their strategy to improve current services. Other than allowing customer to track their shipments, the company also has a developed their own application that allows customers to schedule as well as manage their shipment online. Tiong Nam was introduce the Automated Storage And Retrieval System (ASRS) in Shah Alam to increase the efficiency . Other than that, it also can cut time for high volume loading and unloading. This company is looking to expand their business at Laos and Vietnam to keep up with the growing economy at there.

Issue II

Introductory Remarks On Merger Ryanair/ Aer Lingus

In 2007 the Commission prohibited for the first time such and attempt. Our decision was later upheld by the EU General Court, who rejected Ryanair's appeal.

In 2009, Ryanair notified the acquisition to the Commission but then decided to withdraw it. So, this is the second time that the Commission had the opportunity to assess such as transaction in depth.

On the other routes the only competitive constraint would have been exercised by airlines with a different business model, such as charter airlines or large airlines that focus on connecting flights and this constraint would have been too weak.

The number of air transport routes where Aer Lingus and Ryanair compete directly against each other also increased from 35 to 46.

The most likely outcome of this transaction would have been quite simple: When flying to and from Ireland, passengers wouldn't have been able to choose between as many as they can today, and they would have ended up paying higher fares.

SUMMARY: On our opinion, Aer Lingus, the Irish flag carrier, is low cost airline Ryanair. This transaction would have combined the two airlines operating fron Ireland. Currently these two airlines are competing head to head. We studied them with great care and we carried out gathering views from competitors, customers and airport operators. The market position of the two companies on flight to and from Ireland are stronger today than day were in 2007.

Airlines that passengers need  on the many routes on which both airlines compete. For the citizens who will travel on this flights inn the coming years, it has a positive impact. Customer also can continue and join from the benefits of competition between Ryanair and AerLingus. Other than that, customer can get better choice of services and also lower fares.

Issue I

14/02/2013

American Airlines And US Airways Announce World`s Largest Air Carrier Merger

American Airlines and US Airways, as they announced an $ 11 billion merger to create the world`s largest air carrier after directors approved the deal.

Before the announcement the boards met separately and approved the merger that has been in the works, when creditors  forced American to choose between a merger and bankruptey, according to sources close to negotiations.

14/08/2013

US Justice Dept Lawsuit Blocks World`s Biggest Air Carrier

The deal with this merger, would cost consumers hundreds of millions of dollars a year in higher fares, US authorities warm.

The lawsuit, filed by the Justice Department and joined by attorney generals of six states and the District of Columbia, said they were alarmed that the potential deal would create a monopoly in us commercial aviation, where 4 major carriers would control more than 80% of the market.

SUMMARY : As the conclusion, we thinks they must merger because many advantages they can have it than a disadvantages.

Advantages when they merger:

-Be a largest air carrier in the world.

-Good relationship between two company.

-Can share idea for always in top place for air carrier.

-Share risk and reward.

-Improve their services.

Reasons for growth in air cargo:

-Deregulation and liberalization of air cargo industry.

-Global inter depence helped by world trade agreement.

-International production and sales of goods.

-New inventory management concept such as JIT.

-The vast development of high value and limited consumable commodities.

Future Rail 2030

National Rail Industry joint between National Foresight Institute (NFI) which is under Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology (MIGHT) and Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD) was plan for future to develop rail industry in Malaysia until year 2030. These initiative is the right time for Malaysia because have a few increasing concern in the world such as changes of climate, population growth, crowding, lack of oil and increasing the price of energy. The argument about the trend was created one strong feeling the rail is going to be an important mode of transport.

Shaping The Future Of Malaysian Rail Industry

The rail industry in Malaysia currently is very small in terms of track networks. Although the operations started 1885, there are a few of related organisations. Lack of policy, vision and direction of the development has been one of the main factors contribute to current situations industry. Government of Malaysia was invested more RM 50 billion for the rail related equipment since 1990 and the amount of the invested will be expand until year 2020 through committed investments under Greater Kuala Lumpur initiative of economic Transformation Programme (ETD). Therefore, the local rail support industry need to take an advantage from the future investments to strengthen the required capabilities for future. " A journey of a thousand mile begins with a single step. " (Lao Tzu)

However, there are some needed to attract and combine all hopes of split and will of all stakeholders to recover the rail industry in Malaysia.